Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis of the Breast

Diffuse dermal angiomatosis is rare and usually considered a variant of reactive angioendotheliomatosis. It generally involves the extremities of patients with severe vascular disease and other comorbidities. Two patients with…Continue readingDiffuse Dermal Angiomatosis of the Breast

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that works differently to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy attacks all rapidly dividing cells in the body, but targeted therapy works by “targeting” those differences that…Continue readingTargeted therapy

Cancer treatment centres in Nepal

1.   B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH): BPKMCH is the first tertiary level cancer hospital in Nepal, which provides all types of cancer treatment services, such as surgical oncology,…Continue readingCancer treatment centres in Nepal

Treatment of breast cancer

Treatments are less invasive when breast cancer is detected at an early stage. Challenges for breast cancer treatment in Nepal include patient’s financial status (given the huge out-of-pocket expenditure), accessibility…Continue readingTreatment of breast cancer

Disclaimer

Disclaimer Articles, videos, online books, pictures,online videos, Exam Information, MCQs and Related topics in this medicospase is entirely intended  for study and general information purpose . Medicine and its updates…Continue readingDisclaimer

Hearing Loss. Save
Posted in Research Study

Hearing Loss. Save

Hearing is a gift.hearing is the ability to be able to listen to the external sounds. Hearing loss or hearing impairment is the reduced ability to listen to external sounds.…Continue readingHearing Loss. Save

Oncotype Dx - Predicts how likely6 cancer comes back or not.
Posted in Research Study

Oncotype Dx – Predicts how likely6 cancer comes back or not.

The test gives a score, known as a Recurrence Score, from 0 to 100. 

The higher the score, the more likely breast cancer is to come back and the more likely you are to benefit from having chemotherapy as well as hormone therapy. 

Your specialist will use the score, along with other information about your breast cancer, to help decide whether chemotherapy would benefit you.5…Continue readingOncotype Dx – Predicts how likely6 cancer comes back or not.

Jaundice - Pathophysiology
Posted in Research Study

Jaundice – Pathophysiology

Jaundice aundice results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is the normal breakdown product from the catabolism of haem, and thus is formed from the destruction of red blood cells. Under normal…Continue readingJaundice – Pathophysiology

Before Exam Review Notes on Gyne and Obs 210x300

Anatomical Level Revision Medical Study Notes before Exam

mediconepal

Anatomy is one of the basics subject in Medical study . It is base of every medical student. The anatomy contains lots of terms and definition that every medical students should know. Not only these there are lots of anatomical level in our body which help in clinical examination as well as diagnosis of the patient. So, beside lots of the anatomical markings here we present some important Anatomical Level Revision Medical Study Notes before Exam. These levels would certainly  help the medical student for their exam as well as the upgrading entrance examinations.

Before Exam Review Notes on Gyne and Obs

  1. C1-C2 VERTEBRA: vocal cords
  2. C2-oropharynx and soft palate with mouth open
  3. C3-hyoid bone
  4. level of larynx in infants-C2-C3
  5. level of larynx in adults-C3-C6
  6. C3-C4:bifurcation of common carotid artery
  7. C4 &C5-thyroid cartilage
  8. C6-cricoid cartilage
  9. C6-begining of trachea
  10. C6-begining of oesophagus
  11. C7-vertebra prominence
  12. thyroid lobe superior extent-oblique line of thyroid cartilage
  13. isthmus of thyroid gland-2nd through 4th tracheal rings
  14. thyroid lobe inferior extent-sixth tracheal ring
  15. spine at root of scapula-opposite third thorasic spine
  16. thoracic inlet-T1
  17. superior angle of scapula-overlies part of 2nd rib-1st inter-coastal space superior to angle-T2
  18. jugular notch-T2&T3 vertebral junction
  19. carnia-T3-4 or T4
  20. manubrium Sterni-T3&T4
  21. sternal angle-T4&T5
  22. body of sternum-T5to T9 vertebra
  23. greater splanchnic nerve-T5-T9 sym ganglia
  24. apex of heart/mitral value-5th intercoastal space
  25. base of heart/supine position-T5 to T8 vertebra
  26. base of heart/erect position-T6 to T9
  27. oblique fissure of lung-T6
  28. inferior angle of scapula-T7
  29. vena caval foramen-T8
  30. xiphoid process-T9
  31. xiphisternal joint-T9 vertebra typically
  32. esophageal hiatus-T10
  33. termination of oesophagus-T11
  34. lesser splanchnic nerve-T10-T11 sym ganglia
  35. least splanchnic nerve- T12 sym ganglian
  36. aortic hiatus-T12
  37. coeliac trunk branch of abdominal aorta-T12
  38. median arcuate logament of respiratory diaphragm- T12 &L1 junction
  39. pulmonary valve-left 2nd intercoastal space medial
  40. aortic valve-right 2nd intercoastal space
  41. tricuspid valve-right lower sternum
  42. nipple in male-4th intercoastal space in midclavicular line
  43. transpyloric plane-L1
  44. celiac trunk-L1 superior border
  45. superior mesentric artery-L1 inferior border
  46. pylorus of stomach-L1
  47. 1st part of duodenum-L1
  48. left renal vein-L2
  49. 2nd part of duodenum-L1,L2,L3right side
  50. 3rd part of duodenum-L3
  51. left crus of diagphram-L2
  52. right crus of diagphram-L3 vertebra
  53. inferior mesentric artery-L3
  54. subcoastal plane-L3
  55. spinal cord termination
  56. L1 in adults
  57. L3 in New borns
  58. spleen-obliquely along axis of 10th rib
  59. right kidney-
    • Superior pole-T12
    • Inferior pole-L3
    • Hilum-L1
  60. left kidney-
    • Superior pole-T12
    • inferior pole-L3
    • Hilum-L1
  61. pancrease head-L2&L3
  62. umbilicus(in supine/recumbent position)-disc between L3-L4
  63. bifurcation of abdominal aorta-L4
  64. supracristal plane/higheat point on illiac crest-L4
  65. transtubercular plane-L5
  66. origin of inferior vena cava-L5by by
  67. anterior superior illiac spine-S1/sacral promontary
  68. posterior auperior illiac spine-S2
  69. pubic symphysis-tip of coccyx

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