springer

Stapfer type 𝗜 are free bowel wall perforations, usually from the endoscope, and these tend to be larger and require immediate operative repair. •Type 𝗜𝗜 are retroperitoneal duodenal perforations and are secondary to periampullary injury. These are the most commonly encountered type of perforation and require surgical intervention depending on severity. •Type 𝗜𝗜𝗜 perforations involve…