Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that works differently to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy attacks all rapidly dividing cells in the body, but targeted therapy works by “targeting” those differences that…Continue readingTargeted therapy
1. B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH): BPKMCH is the first tertiary level cancer hospital in Nepal, which provides all types of cancer treatment services, such as surgical oncology,…Continue readingCancer treatment centres in Nepal
Treatments are less invasive when breast cancer is detected at an early stage. Challenges for breast cancer treatment in Nepal include patient’s financial status (given the huge out-of-pocket expenditure), accessibility…Continue readingTreatment of breast cancer
Listing out the pathology notes for the MBBS students. this note is about the Important bodies in pathology in various diseases and conditions::
Disclaimer
Disclaimer Articles, videos, online books, pictures,online videos, Exam Information, MCQs and Related topics in this medicospase is entirely intended for study and general information purpose . Medicine and its updates…Continue readingDisclaimer
Hearing is a gift.hearing is the ability to be able to listen to the external sounds. Hearing loss or hearing impairment is the reduced ability to listen to external sounds.…Continue readingHearing Loss. Save
The test gives a score, known as a Recurrence Score, from 0 to 100.
The higher the score, the more likely breast cancer is to come back and the more likely you are to benefit from having chemotherapy as well as hormone therapy.
Jaundice aundice results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is the normal breakdown product from the catabolism of haem, and thus is formed from the destruction of red blood cells. Under normal…Continue readingJaundice – Pathophysiology
Nepal Nursing License Exam Syllabus is for the nursing exam questions to become a Registered Nurse in Nepal.
The Test Guidelines for the National Licensure Examination for Nurses (NLEN) 2012 has been published as Nepal Nursing License Exam Syllabus for Registered Nurse in Nepal by Board of Nepal Nursing Council (NNC) on February 27, 2012 . this was Revised on August, 2012 and then Second revised September 2014
Nepal Nursing License Exam Syllabus
Integrated Science
Integrated Science includes subjects like Anatomy/ Physiology, Microbiology, and Pharmacology related content but is not limited to:
I. Anatomy/ Physiology
Cardiovascular/ Lymphatic System: Body fluid/Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance Blood Composition, Plasma and Plasma Proteins Physiology of Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets Blood Groups, and blood transfusion
Anatomy of Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Blood Vessels Physiological Activities of the Heart Physiology of Circulation Cardiovascular Regulation and Adjustments Lymphatic/ Immune system Human cell and its structure
Musculoskeletal System: The Human Skeleton, its structure, and physiology The Joints The Skeletal Muscles of Human Body Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Physiology
Nervous System: Functional unit of nervous system Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Somatosensory, Somatomotor System and Reflexes Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood-Brain Barrier and Central Blood Flow
Respiratory System: Structure and Functions of Respiratory System Physiology/Mechanism/ Control of Respiration
Gastro-Intestinal System: Structure and Functions of Digestive System Digestion and Absorption of nutrients Accessory organs of Gastro-Intestinal system
Endocrine System: Structure and functions of endocrine glands and hormones.
Urinary System: Functional unit of urinary system Physiology of urine formation
Reproductive System: Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Physiology of Contraception
Special Sensory System: Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat The Skin and Fascia
Microbiology/ Parasitology
Factors affecting the growth and survival of microorganisms
Types of parasites affecting to the human body and its mechanism to develop diseases
Pharmacology:
Types and Function of Drugs
Pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of the drug, and factors influencing the pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics: drug action, adverse reaction to drugs
Essential, emergency and Life-Saving Drugs used in Nepal
Drugs acting on different body systems
ii Fundamentals of Nursing
Related content includes but is not limited to:
Ethics in Nursing: International Councils of Nurses (ICN) Code, Nepal Nursing Council Act and Regulation.
Patient’s Rights
Informed Consent
Assessment (history taking vital signs and physical
Nursing diagnosis
Evaluation of nursing care: objective data
Nursing Process
Caring
Admission and discharge procedure
Role and responsibility of nurse in laboratory test/examination: invasive and non- invasive procedures: e.g. blood test, lumbar puncture, thoracentesis,
Types, methods, advantages and disadvantages of different family planning methods
Emergency Contraception and methods
FP Counseling
HIV/AIDs, STI
Prevention of HIV/AIDS, STI
Treatment and management for the clients with HIV/AIDS, STI
Family Health Nursing
III. Adult Nursing
Related content includes but is not limited to:
Characteristics of adulthood, developmental tasks of young adult, middle-aged adults, elderly adult
Aging process
Disorders of each body system: Blood, Body Fluids/Electrolytes, Nervous System, Circulatory
System, Respiratory System, Musculoskeletal System, Gastro-Intestinal and Nutritional System, Urinary System, Endocrine System, Sensory System (Common disorders, investigations and medical/surgical treatment of different body system disorders, Medical/Surgical nursing management for the client with disorders in each system)
Mental Health Problems (Assessment of mentally ill clients, characteristic of mental health, Major and minor disorders, treatment and nursing management)
Operation Theatre Nursing (Operation Theatre (OT) Nursing, Characteristics of OT nurse, OT technique (e.g. aseptic technique, sterilization, scrubbing, gowning, gloving) Role and Responsibilities of scrub nurse, circulatory nurse, and recovery nurse Common surgical materials, equipments, and supplies in OT and their preparation Sterilization and)
Pre and Post-operative Nursing care
Rehabilitation (Disability: Types and characteristics, Role and responsibility of nurses in rehabilitation, Nursing management of disable client)
Nursing care of the client in the terminal stage (Stages of dying Grief and Loss, Holistic Care)
Stress and Crisis Management (Body’s response to stress, Role of nurses in stress and crisis management)
Child Health Nursing
Related content includes but is not limited to:
Terminology of Child Health Nursing
Growth and development of child in each stage: infancy,
school-age and adolescence
Nursing role on promotion of growth and development of childran
Nursing care to child and family ( Influences brought by diseases and hospitalization, Nursing care for children with accident/ injury, Nursing care for children with common communicable diseases, Nepal Nursing care for children with congenital/ chromosomal disorders, Nursing care for children with ……….of different body systems: nervous system, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, blood, gastrointestinal, urinary system, endocrine system, sensory)
Health Promotion for system children: Nutrition, exercise, play, anticipatory guidance (Mortality and Morbidity in Under Five Children and their prevention, Nursing role on prevention and management of children with HIV/AIDs)
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) program
Pediatric Procedure
Oxygen administration (e.g. head box, oxygen tent) Nebulization
Positioning/ Restraining
Calculation of drugs and its administration
Different types feeding
IV fluid administration and management
Phototherapy
Care for incubator
Colostomy and tracheostomy care Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Specimen collection
Assisting in common invasive procedures (e.g. lumbar puncture)
Midwifery and Gynecology
Related contents include the following but not limited to:
Deformation Reproduction in human being
Components of reproductive health
Reproductive rights
Maternal and Newborn Health in Nepal (Strategies and policies of reproductive health in Nepal, Skill Birth Attendant (SBA) policy Safe Motherhood Program)
Nursing care in every stage of female life cycle (Puberty/ Adolescent Health: physical and psychological changes, nursing care for during puberty /adolescent, Reproductive age/years: nursing care for the client of reproductive ages/years, Climacteric care: physical and psychological changes during the peri-menopause, counseling, medical management(e.g. Hormone Replacement Therapy; HRT)
Fetal growth and development: normality and abnormalities on fetal, placenta, membrane and cord
Care during Pregnancy
Health promotion of pregnant women,
Components of antenatal care
Birth Preparedness and Complication readiness,
Care of pregnant women with minor/major disorders of pregnancy (e.g. constipation, varicose veins, back pain, edema, threatened abortion , placenta preavia)
Care during labor and birth
Physiology and mechanism of labor
Management of mother in labor : normal delivery, induction and augmentation of labor, Monitoring fetal condition: prevention and manager ……………..)
Postnatal Care
Physical and psychological changes during puerperial period
Nursing care for women with minor/major problems of puerperium (e.g. hemorrhage, infection,
Breast Feeding: Importance, mechanism of secretion of breast milk, nursing care for mother with problems on breast feeding (e.g. mastitis),
Breast feeding in HIV / Hepatitis B positive mothers (e.g. PMTCT)
Newborn Baby Care
Neonatal assessment, Immediate care of newborn
Nursing care for newborn baby with dysfunction and problems (e.g. Respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome
Obstetric Emergencies
Nursing management for the clients with high risk/ critical condition in antenatal period (e.g. PIH)
Nursing management for the clients with high risk/ critical condition in perinatal period (e.g mal presentation and prolapse of the cord.)
Nursing management for the clients with high risk/ critical condition in postnatal period (e.g. PPH, ruptured uterus )
Nursing Care for Gynecological problems
Sub fertility/ Infertility: Types, cause and treatment and nursing management of infertility in both male and female,
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI): National Protocol to manage STIs, Cervical Cancer, Breast Cancer
Genital prolapsed …………….fistula)
Nursing management obstetric fistula: Recto-vaginal fistula and vesico-vaginal
Leadership and Management
Related content includes but is not limited to:
Concept of Leadership and Management
Role, Styles, Characteristics and Functions of Leadership Role and Responsibilities of Health Care Team Members Principles, Types and Functions of Management
Conflict Management
Purpose, principles, categories of Supervision
Qualities of Supervisor
Health Service Delivery System:
Hospital and Community Methods of Organizational management
Job Description of different categories of health personnel
Job Description of different level of nursing personnel
Professional Development
Definition and Criteria of Profession
Professional Organizations: Nursing Association of Nepal (NAN), Nepal Nursing Council (NNC), International Council of Nurses (ICN), International Confederation of Midwives (ICM)