These are handy point for reviewing before the exam . These points will help the medical student for the exam . especially the entrance exam and other MCQ-solving exams. These points are useful for different entrance exams like the USMLE exam, post-graduation exam, FCPS exam, and NMCLE Exams. Handy points to be reviewed before the exam
Handy points to be reviewed before the exam, listed points
• Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome. (Age for Drinking is 21)
• Trisomy 13 = Patau syndrome.(Age for Puberty in females is 13)
• Trisomy 18 = Edward syndrome.(Age for voting in Election is 18)
• Increased alpha-fetoprotein plus increased albumin = Anencephaly.
• Vitamin A prevents squamous cell carcinoma.
• The right border of the heart is made by the right atrium.
• Trephine biopsy Indicates = aplastic anemia > ALL.
• In anesthesia, halothane is always given with Nitric oxide.
• Most diagnostic test for TB = PCR > AFB > Caseous.
• Down syndrome occursin 1/100.
• Common genital vesicle is herpes simplex virus.
• Inferior orbital fissure contents are the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, the inferior ophthalmic vein, and sympathetic nerve,s and this fissure communicates witthe pterygopalatinene fossa.
• The superior orbital fissure communicates with the middle cranial fossa, and it transmits the lacrimal nerve, the frontal nerve, the trochlear nerve, the oculomotor nerve, the abducent nerve, the the nasociliary nerve, andthe superior ophthalmic vein.
• Thyroid is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretions outside the cell.
• Sensations from the tip of the nose are carried by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
• Tensor tympani is supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
• Stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve.
• The nucleus raphe synthesizes serotonin.
• Locus Ceruleus = Nor epinephrine.
• At term CRL = 36 cm and CHL = 50 cm.
• CRL used b/w 7 – 14 weeks.
• BPD is used 16 – 30 weeks.
• Sperm life in genital tract is 24 to 48 hours.
• 2nd most common cause of osteoporosis in old age is Cushing syndrome.
• Prenatal chromosome is detected at 14 -18 weeks.
• Bronchial asthma plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Verapamil.
• Aphasia and facial nerve palsy > damage to middle meningeal artery.
• Diabetic plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Captopril.
• Inferior wall MI > Right marginal artery block.
• Epidermis of partoid gland is derived from ectoderm.
• To kill spores of surgical instrument > moist heat at 160 C for 1 hr.
• Food poisoning caused by Staph. Aureus is through entertoxin.
• Least positive value for Widal is 1:120.
• Trigeminal ganglion is completely covered by dura.
• Tactile sensation is carried by dorsal white column to medial leminiscus.
• Anti HBcAg = positive window period.
• MAP = diastolic +1/3 pulse pressure.
• Insulin secretion is inhibited by beta blocker.
• Highest triglyceride = VLDL.
• Highest cholesterol = LDL.
• Highest lipoprotein = HDL.
• Which is not a phospholipid = Plasmalogen.
• Best way to check bone density is the scan of spine.
• End break down of glucose is pyruvate.
• In pre eclamptic patient hydralazine is the drug of choice before surgery.
• In down syndrome: Triple test (alpha feto protein is decreased, b-HCG is increased and estriol is decreased) and if we add up inhibin which is increased then it will be called as Quadruple test.
• Identification of turner syndrome is by barr bodies.
• PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase) is a tumor marker in seminoma and ovarian carcinoma.
• Tubo ovarian abscess by IUCD – most causative agent is Actinomycosis.
• Major intracellular buffer is Hb.
• DVT more common in popliteal vein but pulmonary embolism is through femoral veins.
• Investigation of DIC D-dimers, FDPs, Platelet count and PT (except clotting time).
• Referred pain: Cervix S2-S3 <> Ovary -T10-T11 <> Testis -T10 <> Umbilicus -T10 <> Kidney T12-L2.
• Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole ) side effect > megaloblastic anemia plus leukopenia.
• Sacrospinous ligament does NOT contribute in wall of perineum.
• Lesser omentum connects with duodenum.
• Sphincteric urethra is known as external urethral sphincter and is supplied by pudendal nerves where as internal os is supplied by inferior hypo gastric plexus.
• Nerve supply of rectum is hypogastric plexus.
• Uterine tube is 10 cm long.
• Urachal cyst is the remanant of allantois.
• Thyroid gland is derived from endoderm.
• Thymus and inferior parathyroid develops from 3rd branchial pouch.
• Superior para thyroid is developed from 4th brachial pouch.
• Diaphragmatic hernia occurs due to the absence of the pleuroperitoneal membrane.
• The superior thyroid artery is related to the external laryngeal nerve, which supplies the posterior cricothyroid muscle of the larynx and damage to it will cause hoarseness.
• Inferior thyroid artery is also related to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which runs b/w trachea and the esophagus and its most common injury is in thyroidectomy.
• In papillary carcinoma of thyroid > it occurs at a young age and involves cervical lymph nodes.
• Tracheostomy is done at the 2nd tracheal ring by pulling the isthmus inferiorly.
• A nonfunctional nodule or cold nodule has high chances of malignant transformation.
• Erythropoiesis in the middle trimester is in the liver.
• Right coronary artery supplies the SA node.
• Levator ani muscle is supplied by L2, L3 & L4.
• Defect in Bulbus Cordis results in VSD, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, congenital cyanosis, transposition of great vessels (but not ASD).
The endocardial cushion is important for the formation of the four chambers of the heart.
• Thirst is least stimulated by blood pressure.
• An important hormone involved in gluconeogenesis is Cortisol.
• Apoptosis is inhibited by Bcl-2 inhibition.
• Low serum complement in SLE.
C3b & IgG are Opsonins & C5a is a chemotactic protein.
• Urea is an important indicator for muscle protein loss.
ESR is decreased when albumin is increased.
• Drug which does not cause gynecomastia is Androgen & drugs that cause gynecomastia are Digoxin, Griseofulvin, Cimetidine, Spironolactone, and Ketoconazole.
Tx of hirstuism is Cyproterone Acetate.
• Pyruvic acid is an intermediate from glucose to acetyl-CoA.
Epinephrine, nor epinephrine & dopamine are derived from tyrosine.
The end product of Purine is Uric acid.
RBCs have glycolytic enzyme activity.
The end product of glucose gives 2 Pyruvate.
Alanine should be taken in the diet.
• Cisplatin is more notorious for causing renal toxicity.
• Dysplasia is seen in epithelia.
• MRNA has a codon.
• HSV is associated with vulvar papules.
• Wart on the lateral wall of the introitus is caused by HPV.
A plaque-like lesion on the posterior superior wall of the vagina is squamous cell carcinoma.
• German Measles causes Congenital Cataract.
Anterior abdominal wall swelling with umbilical cord attached to it in a newborn baby is known as Omphalocele.
• Beta-lactam acts on the Cell Wall.
• Streptomycin causes ototoxity.
Isoniazid > Hepatotoxicity.
Pyrazinamide > Gout.
Rifampicin > red color of body secretions.
• Opportunistic organism > E. Coli.
Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by C. difficile.
The most common organism involved in gynecological & abdominal procedures is E.coli.
• Vulvular itching = Chlamydia; fish like smell; Bacterial Vaginosis.
• Vitamin K dependent: Factors 2, 7,9,10, Protein C, Protein S, Fibrinogen, and Prothrombin.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at factor 10.
• Threonine does not contain the sulfa group.
• Autosomal dominant is hereditary Spherocytosis & polycystic kidney disease.
• Lens opacity causing drugs >Chlorpromazine, Amidarone, Tamoxifen, Gold & Iron toxicity.
Drugs causing corneal opacity > Amiodarone, Chloroquine, Mepacrine & Copper.
• Ribosomes have a purple color on Eosin & Methylene blue staining
High energy content > Starch.
High-energy compound > ATP
Antidote of warfarin is vitamin K, but if action is required more quickly,d then FFP.
• Olfactory cells are the only neurons in the body that regenerate.
• Projectile vomiting greenish in color means bilious vomiting, so it is due to duodenal atresia, but if projectile vomiting is non-bilious, then it is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
• Pulmonary trunk relation with the bronchus at the hilum of the lung-mnemonic is RALSR- Right Anterior & Left Superior.
• Rhino sinusitis is caused by Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenza, and M. Catarrahalis.
• Homan’s sign is present in DVT, in which, if you dorsiflex the foot, there will be pain in the calf muscles.
• Classic triad of Pulmonary Embolism: –
-Neurological manifestations.
-Petechial rash.
-Hypoxemia.
• Nitrogen bubbled precipitator in ascending divers and can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen.
• CT pulmonary angiography is the best test to detect Pulmonary Embolism.
• The most common infectious agent transmitted by blood transfusion is cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is present in donor lymphocytes.
• Before blood is transfused into newborns or patients with T-cell deficiencies, it must be irradiated to kill donor lymphocytes. This prevents the patient from developing a graft-versus-host reaction or a CMV infection.
• Yersinia enterocolitica, a pathogen that thrives on iron, is the most common contaminant of stored blood.
• Iron is stored in bone macrophages.
• Structures passing through the superior orbital fissure….
NOT-FAL
NASOCILLIARY<>OPTHALIMIC VEIN<>TROCHLEAR<>FRONTAL
ABDUCENT<>LACRIMAL
• Cranial Nerve Foramina
CN I passes through > cribriform plate
CN II > optic canal
CN III, IV, VI (ophthalmic division), VI > superior orbital fissure
(Maxillary div > foramen rotundum, mandibular div > foramen ovale)
CN VII, VIII > internal acoustic meatus
CN IX, X, XI(cranial root) > Jugular foramen (accessory nerve spinal root >foramen magnum)
CN XII > hypoglossal canal.
