“Definitions, Types & Management”
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๏ธ ๐๐ฟ๐ฐ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ:
The first is the arcuate line, which is a transverse line that marks the point where the posterior surface of the rectus abdominus muscle is only covered by transversalis
fascia and peritoneum and is the site of entry of the inferior epigastric vessels into the rectus muscle. Above arcuate line,rectus abdominus is surrounded by an anterior layer of rectus sheath and posterior layer.
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๏ธ ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐น๐๐ป๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ:
Which can also be confusing because of varying definitions in the literature, such as a line marking the transition from transversus abdominis muscle
to its aponeurosis, from the costal margin to pubic tubercle versus the site of splitting of internal oblique aponeurosis at the lateral edge of rectus abdominis muscle.
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๏ธ ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฟ๐ฐ๐๐น๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ: (arcuate line, fold, or line of Douglas) marks the caudal end of the posterior lamina of the aponeurotic rectus sheath, below umbilicus and above the pubis. Unfortunately, the semilunar and semicircular lines are not easily seen in the operating room.
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๏ธ ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ถ๐ด๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฎ :
It is a small strip of aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle bounded laterally by linea semilunaris and medially by the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis muscle.
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๏ธ ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ถ๐ด๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ฎ:
Spigelian hernias usually
are located at the junction of the arcuate line and the semilunar line in the Spigelian fascia. However, the exact location of the arcuate line is variable, which gives rise to the concept of the โSpigelian hernia belt,โ which is located between horizontal lines drawn just below the umbilicus cranially and at the anterior superior iliac spines caudally and is usually about 6 cm in length. Spigelian hernias can occur anywhere along the Semilunar line, but 90% occur in the Spigelian hernia belt.
๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐ง๐ฃ๐๐:
Breaching the Spigelian fascia,
The most common type has passed through the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique aponeuroses and is spreading out in the interstitial layer posterior to the external oblique aponeurosis.
The less common type in the interstitial layer between the transversus abdominis aponeurosis and the internal oblique muscle
The least common subcutaneous type.
๐๐ง๐๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฉ:
โขSpigelian hernias should be repaired due to their higher risk of incarceration and vague physical diagnosis. Surgical repair can be performed via open or minimally invasive techniques.
โขThere are little data on the benefits of prosthetic mesh in these hernias due to their rarity. However, for moderately sized defects (>2 cm) we recommend prosthetic reinforcement in open and minimally invasive cases.
โข๐ข๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ป repair involves a direct cutdown (typically transverse) overlying the hernia and the opening of the external oblique fascia to expose the posterior wall defect. The surgeon can then utilize a sublay technique or place the mesh anterior to the posterior fascia following primary closure. The external fascia is then closed primarily.
โข๐ ๐ถ๐ป๐ถ๐บ๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ ๐ถ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ repair is most commonly performed transabdominally but may also be attempted extraperitoneally by accessing the space of Retzius. If approaching the repair from the peritoneal cavity, an ๐๐ฃ๐ข๐ may be placed. Alternatively, a peritoneal flap can be created with development of the preperitoneal space & reduction of the hernia sac prior to the insertion of mesh. If placing mesh in the preperitoneal space, a coated, or composite, mesh is not necessary.
๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ณ; โCurrent surgical therapy 13th ed, 2020.
โ Surgical Anatomy and technique 5th ed, 2021.
โ Maingot’s Abdominal Operations, 13th ed.
โThe Art of Hernia Surgery, 2018.