Tag: mbbs mnemonic

Pathology Mnemonics for study part 1

by mediconepal

January 26, 2017

List of Pathology Mnemonics collected from different websites Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper and lower lobes BREAST SCAR: ...

List of Pathology Mnemonics collected from different websites Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper and lower lobes BREAST SCAR: · Upper lobe: Beryliosis Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB · Lower lobe: Systemic sclerosis Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Asbestosis Radiation Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings Pseduogout crystals are: Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. Pulmonary embolism: risk factors 7 H's: Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency) History (previous DVT or PE) Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip) Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration) Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy) Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium) Hyperhomocysteinaemia APKD: signs, complications, accelerators 11 B's: · Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign Barter: "In exchange for giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure". Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms "A Penny For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident": Anxiety Palpitations/ Pulse rapid Fatigability Emotional lability Sweating Tremor Heat intolerance Weight loss with good appetite Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes Goitre Eye changes Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors SHAZAM: Smoking Hypercalcemia Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity MEN type I · These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone. Carcinoid syndrome: components CARCinoid: Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea Anemia causes (simplified) ANEMIA: Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss Gynecomastia: causes DaLAS: Digitalis Leydig cell tumors Alcohol Sertoli cell tumors Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology · See figure. Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy. 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal. An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women. Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology MS attacks the Myelin Sheath, resulting in plaques. Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers NASOPharyngeal: Nasophayngeal Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Olfactory neuroblastoma Plasmacytoma Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs] 6 P's: Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paraesthesia Perishingly cold Hodgkin's lymphoma classification A: Asymptomatic B: Bad Lichen planus characteristics Planus has 4 P's: Peripheral Polygonal Pruritus Purple Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes CHAPS: Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries · Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary. Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes Common are 3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's: Cholestasis Cysts Cellular infiltration MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI "C-AST-Le" (castle): CK-MB first AST second LDH third · Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR. Pulmonary embolism: risk factors TOM SCHREPFER: Trauma Obesity Malignancy Surgery Cardiac disease Hospitalization Rest [bed-ridden] Elderly Past history Fracture Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum] Road trip TB: features TB is characterised by 4 C's: Caseation Calcification Cavitation Cicatrization Gallstones/cholecystitis: risk factors 5 F's: Fat Female Family history Fertile Forty Rheumatoid arthritis: features RHEUMATOID: Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4 ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules) Ulnar deviation Morning stiffness/ MCP joint Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA T-cells (CD4)/ TNF Osteopenia Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1 Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere) Neuroblastoma: features N-MYC: Nuclei have "double minutes" Malignant Young Catecholamine secreting · And hallmark is n-mycamplification. Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron signs LoU = Lower & Upper. Dandy-Walker syndrome: components "Dandy Walker Syndrome": Dilated 4th ventricle Water on the brain Small vermis Cerebral palsy: general features PALSY: Paresis Ataxia Lagging motor development Spasticity Young Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms HIPPEL: Hemanigoblastomas Increased renal cancer Pheochromocytoma Port-wine stains Eye dysfunction Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts · Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above. Bronchial obstruction: consequences APPLE BABE: Atelectasis Pleural adhesions Pleuritis Lipid pneumonia Effusion->organisation->fibrosis Bronchiectasis Abscess Broncho and lobar pneumonia Emphysema Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms MARBLES: Multiple fractures Anemia Restricted cranial nerves Blind & deaf Liver enlarged Erlenmeyer flask deformity Splenomegaly · Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram). Heart failure causes "HEART MAy DIE": Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy) Myocardial infarct Arrythmia Y Diet & lifestyle Infection Endocarditis Renal failure: causes AVID GUT: Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components MEN III is a disease of 3 M's: Medullary thyroid carcinoma Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma) Mucosal neuroma Ulcerative colitis: features ULCERATIONS: Ulcers Large intestine Carcinoma [risk] Extraintestinal manifestations Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps] Abscesses in crypts Toxic megacolon [risk] Inflamed, red, granular mucosa Originates at rectum Neutrophil invasion Stools bloody Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis) "VIRchow": Vascular trauma Increased coagulability Reduced blood flow (stasis) Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group "Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness": · In order from birth to death: E. coli [infants] Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids] Neisseria meningitis [young adults] Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks] Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors ENDOMET: Elderly Nulliparity Diabetes Obesity Menstrual irregularity Estrogen therapy hyperTension Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation · Morphology is poly-C: Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis · Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsutism Amenorrhoea Reproductive problem [infertile] Young woman Parkinson's disease: symptoms PQRST: Paucity of expression parQinson Rigidity (cogwheel) Stooped posture Tremor at rest · If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST. Kawasaki disease: features Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle. Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle. Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth. Fever: thermometer. Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles. Generalized rash: rash dots. Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows. Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries. Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries. Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight. Interstitial lung disease: causes SARCOIDI: Sarcoidosis Allergic reaction Radiation Connective tissue disease Occupational exposure Infection Drugs Idiopathic Herpes I and II: lab findings. She's an odd chick: whenever she's in a restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cow dry. Herpes I and II have CowdryType A inclusion bodies Emphysema: types, most important feature of each "Cigarettes Is Primary Problem": · Types: Centrilobular Irregular Pancinar Paraseptal · Most important feature for each type (in order as above): Cigarrettes Inflammation healed to scar Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin) Pneumothorax · "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema. · Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin. Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic Metastatic: Metabolism imbalance. Dystrophic: Damaged tissue. Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad "Iron man triathalon": Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues. · Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad: Swimming: Skin pigmentation Biking: Bronze diabetes Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis COPD: 4 types and hallmark ABCDE: Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema · Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome: components "Please Please Pay Attention To peptic ulceration, you worms": · Adenomas of: Pituatary Pancreatic islets Parathyroid Adrenal cortex Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration · Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome". Lung cancer: presentation ABCDE: Snowball turned to Avalanche Blood: hemoptysis Cough Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia whEEzing Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis DVT: Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound Venography is gold standard Tenderness of Thigh and calf Addison's disease: features ADDISON: Autoimmune DIC (meningcoccus) Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency Iatrogenic Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis hypOtension/ hypOnatermia Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH] Breast cancer: risk assessment "Risk can be assessed by History ALONE": History (family, previous episode) Abortion/ Age (old) Late menopause Obesity Nulliparity Early menarche McArdle's syndrome MCARDLES: Myoglobinuria Cramping after exercise Accumulated glycogen Recessive inheritance Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase Lactate levels fail to rise Elevated creatine kinase Skeletal muscle only Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome): Prematurity Cesarean section Diabetic mother Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes ALASCA: Antithrombin III Leiden (Factor V) APC (Activated Protein C) S-protein deficiency C-protein deficiency Antiphospholipid antibody Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone "Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone": Prostate Thyroid Lung Kidney Breast Cushing syndrome CUSHING: Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation Apoptosis vs. necrosis "LIFELESS" (since cells are dead): · Differences are in: Leaky membranes Inflammatory response Fate Extent Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II ketONE bodies are seen in type ONEdiabetes. Baldness risk factors "Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants": Diet Disease Drugs Genes Hormones Injury to the scalp Tabes Dorsalis morphology DORSALIS: Dorsal column degeneration Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints) Reflexes decreased (deep tendon) Shooting pain Argyll-Robertson pupils Locomotor ataxia Impaired proprioception Syphilis Buerger's disease features "burger SCRAPS": Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis Claudication (intermittent) Raynaud's phenomenon Associated with smoking Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis · Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers": Chronic ulceration Raynaud's phenomenon Intermittent claudication Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis Pain, even at rest Phlebitis (superficial nodular) Idiopathic Gangrene PKU findings PKU: Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell Atherosclerosis risk factors SHIFT MAID: Smoking Hypertension (N)IDDM Family history Triglycerdides & fats Male Age Inactivity Diet / Drink Parkinsonism: essential features TRAPS: Tremor (resting tremor) Rigidity Akinesia Postural changes (stooped) Stare (serpentine stare) · To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped. Thrombus: possible fates DOPE: Dissolution Organization & repair Propagation Embolization Turner syndrome: components CLOWNS: Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication) Lymphoedema Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea) Webbed neck Nipples widely spaced Short MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI "Time to CALL 911": · From first to appear to last: Troponin CK-MB AST LDH1 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad "PET WASP": Pyrogenic infections Eczema Thrombocytopenia · WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. · Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm. Sarcoidosis summarized SARCOIDOISIS: Schaumann calcifications Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells Ocular lesions

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